We open with the quote "All of Israel" from the Tracate Sanhedrin, and close with "Rabbi Chananya Ben Akashya" from the conclusion of Makkoth. Except for Avoth, no other Talmudic section has a prologue or epilogue. Why ?

Furthermore, the opening and closing statements seem to contradict each other. The former assumes everyone to be a fully deserving Tzaddik regardless of his record, while the latter insists that Righteousness depends on increasing our piety. Which is right? Do not the prologue and epilogue send us a mixed message?

Unlike other parts of Talmud, Avoth is not mandatory law. Avoth recommends a higher ethic only for those who voluntarily choose a path of self-improvement.

But this upward spiritual mobility also has its downside. As we try to ascend higher, we may tend to look down on others who remain below. This "Frummer-than-thou" attitude is very sad, painful and unfortunate. As Torah communities grow and develop, we tend to polarize, as 'right' and 'left' confront each other. Some feel threatened by leanings to the right, while pietists may look down on those 'below' their level. How can we live together as one, while still maintaining our distinct preferences? Avoth's opening statement is actually a cautionary warning. It reminds us that "All of Israel," every Jew, whether or not he chooses to follow the Avoth recommendations, is righteous and fully deserving of a share in the World-to-Come.

But, on the other hand, let our respect for basics not stunt our growth, or stifle our yearning to rise higher. Rabbi Chananya Ben Akashya teaches us to rise above the minimum, and develop our potential to constantly "Increase, expand and elaborate on the Torah!" Framed by these two 'bookends' on either side, Avoth offers a happy medium between the two extremes.